Harerimana, Alexis, Mtshali, Ntombifikile, and Mchunu, Gugu (2026) Under surveillance: mapping remote proctoring practices in the assessment of nursing students— a scoping review. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 22. 19.

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Abstract

Background: Remote proctoring has become an essential tool for ensuring academic integrity during online assessments. Evidence highlights the use of several proctoring methods, such as live, AI-based, recorded, and hybrid systems. While these technologies offer significant benefits, they also present challenges, including technical issues, inadequate infrastructure, limited digital literacy, increased stress and anxiety, and privacy concerns.

Purpose: To map the evidence on the use of remote proctoring in the assessment of nursing students.

Methods: This scoping review employed the framework by Levac et al. (2010). Systematic searches were performed in CINAHL, MEDLINE, Emcare, Scopus, PsycInfo, and Web of Science, complemented by manual searches for studies published between 2015 and 2025. Of the 795 sources, six studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the thematic analysis.

Results: Six studies included an aggregate total of 1,567 nursing students, with individual samples ranging from 17 to 970. The proctoring modalities included live online monitoring, AI-based automated or recorded systems, lockdown browsers, CCTV, and mobile invigilation applications. Remote proctoring was generally perceived as deterring cheating and supporting assessment continuity. Reported challenges included student anxiety, false positives, poor internet connectivity, device incompatibility, browser extension failures, environmental scan errors, device freezing, and incomplete recordings.

Conclusion: While remote proctoring can support academic integrity in online assessment, its implementation must balance exam security with student well-being, fairness, and equitable access to digital tools.

Item ID:	92926
Item Type:	Article (Research - C1)
ISSN:	1833-2595
Keywords:	Academic integrity, Digital surveillance, Nursing students, Online assessment, Remote proctoring
Copyright Information:	© The Author(s) 2026. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Funders:	Durban University of Technology
Date Deposited:	10 Aug 2026 01:49
FoR Codes:	42 HEALTH SCIENCES > 4205 Nursing > 420599 Nursing not elsewhere classified @ 20% 39 EDUCATION > 3901 Curriculum and pedagogy > 390110 Medicine, nursing and health curriculum and pedagogy @ 40% 46 INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES > 4699 Other information and computing sciences > 469999 Other information and computing sciences not elsewhere classified @ 40%
SEO Codes:	16 EDUCATION AND TRAINING > 1601 Learner and learning > 160102 Higher education @ 35% 22 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SERVICES > 2201 Communication technologies, systems and services > 220199 Communication technologies, systems and services not elsewhere classified @ 35% 16 EDUCATION AND TRAINING > 1603 Teaching and curriculum > 160304 Teaching and instruction technologies @ 30%
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