Liu, Yun, Chen, Qian-Qian, Andin, Victor Charlie, Chor, Wei-Kang, Chong, Chou-Min, Lee, Po-Tsang, Lim, Crystale Siew-Ying, and Loh, Jiun-Yan (2025) Effects of Immunostimulants on Physiological Performances, Immune Gene Expression, Liver, and Intestinal Protection Against Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infection in Juvenile Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer). Aquaculture Nutrition, 2025 (1). 855823.

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Abstract

The present study aims to develop a more valuable innovative aquaculture feed for the sustainable Lates calcarifer aquaculture industry. An experiment with a completely random design was developed with five groups containing 0% immunostimulant and 0.5% ginger, 1.0% garlic, 0.15% palm carotene alone or in combination. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 fish (10.06 ± 0.09 g) per tank. The fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation. Throughout the 56-day feeding trial, the results suggest that although no significant differences were observed among almost all experimental groups in growth performance, feed efficiency, fish composition and disease resistance, the palm carotene supplementations downregulated intestinal tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 expression, decreased sum scores of liver pathological changes, increased intestinal villus surface (VS) compared with the control group. Moreover, the combined treatment shows more promising immune gene expression (intestinal IL-1 beta (IL-1β) was also downregulated compared to the control), liver and intestinal protection (lower sum scores of liver pathological changes and larger intestinal VS than palm carotene alone supplementation, goblet cell (GC) number per intestinal villus was also increased compared to the control) effects on L. calcarifer infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Therefore, a combination of 0.5% ginger, 1.0% garlic, and 0.15% palm carotene in the diet of L. calcarifer can be used as an immune booster due to fishmeal substitution to obtain better immunocompetence.

Item ID:	86533
Item Type:	Article (Research - C1)
ISSN:	1365-2095
Copyright Information:	Copyright © 2025 Yun Liu et al. Aquaculture Nutrition published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. CC BY 4.0 Attribution 4.0 International license
Date Deposited:	05 Aug 2025 23:08
FoR Codes:	30 AGRICULTURAL, VETERINARY AND FOOD SCIENCES > 3005 Fisheries sciences > 300501 Aquaculture @ 100%
SEO Codes:	10 ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND ANIMAL PRIMARY PRODUCTS > 1002 Fisheries - aquaculture > 100202 Aquaculture fin fish (excl. tuna) @ 100%
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