Dudayev, Rayhan, Pane, Beby, Gammage, Thomas, Gurney, Georgina G., and Adhuri, Dedi Supriadi (2025) Community-led marine OECMs: Assessing enabling regulatory frameworks and potential cases in Indonesia. Parks: the international journal of protected areas and coservation, 31 (1). pp. 97-108.

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Abstract

The Convention on Biological Diversity’s Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF) calls for conserving at least 30 percent of the planet through protected areas or Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) by 2030. OECMs can complement Marine Protected Areas by recognising diverse forms of management delivering biodiversity benefits regardless of their objectives. A key barrier to their implementation is a lack of legal clarity on OECM identification, recognition, and monitoring at the national level. To address this, we examine Indonesia’s marine and forestry regulations in the context of OECM criteria, identifying opportunities to adapt existing policies to support the recognition of community-led marine areas as OECMs. These regulations generally align well with Criterion A (non-protected area) and Criterion B (active governance), but gaps remain in addressing effectiveness in conserving biodiversity (Criterion C) and associated ecosystem services and socio-cultural values (Criterion D). Building on this analysis, we evaluated three Locally Managed Marine Areas in Indonesia to assess how the OECM framework could support on-ground management practices. These case studies showed conservation effectiveness, with increases in resource availability (e.g. >65% more catch in two sites). Our findings underscore OECMs’ potential as inclusive, adaptable models for advancing biodiversity targets in Indonesia and beyond.

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