Smyth, Wendy, McArdle, Joleen, Heinrich, Gwenn, Manickam, Valli, Lee, Ickjai, Holdsworth, Jason, Omonaiye, Olumuyiwa, and Nagle, Cate (2024) Unravelling the possibilities: a cross-over randomised controlled feasibility trial on immersive virtual reality in haemodialysis. BMC Digital Health, 2. 27.

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Abstract

Background Research pertaining to the use of Virtual Reality (VR) in various healthcare settings is emerging. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of immersive VR in a haemodialysis setting and its effects on patients’ adherence to dialysis regimens and quality of life in an Australian renal service.

Trial design A crossover Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) was conducted in regional Queensland, Australia. The CONSORT reporting guidelines were used.

Methods The intervention was the use of immersive VR headsets to view three scenarios designed to represent the country of northern Queensland. Intervention and control periods were each four weeks’ duration, with a one-week washout period. The primary objective was to compare participants’ attendance at scheduled haemodialysis sessions between intervention and control periods. Secondary objectives included comparing adherence to fluid allowances, and changes in quality-of-life measures. Adult patients attending haemodialysis treatments three times per week were eligible. Data were gathered from medical records, the self-reported AQoL 6D scale, the K-5 scale and participant feedback. A survey was used to obtain clinicians’ feedback on the feasibility of immersive VR reality in this setting.

Results Data were obtained for the 34 patients who completed the trial (one participant was withdrawn from the study) and 49 staff who completed the clinicians’ survey. No harm or adverse events occurred. There were no statistically significant differences in attendance or adherence to fluid allowances between the intervention and control periods. Improvements in quality of life and mental wellbeing for participants who had lower self-reported measures at the commencement of the trial. Feedback from patients and clinicians was positive overall. Patients suggested modifications to the scenarios for enhanced engagement with VR.

Conclusions Results suggest haemodialysis patients can benefit from VR while on treatment. Further trials with larger sample sizes are needed to determine relationships between VR usage and patient outcomes.

Trial registration The trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). Registration number: ACTRN12621000732886. Registration date 01/

Item ID:	83026
Item Type:	Article (Research - C1)
ISSN:	2731-684X
Copyright Information:	© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Funders:	Tropical Australian Academic Health Centre (TAAHC)
Projects and Grants:	TAAHC, Research Seed Grants
Date Deposited:	26 Jun 2024 22:28
FoR Codes:	42 HEALTH SCIENCES > 4203 Health services and systems > 420308 Health informatics and information systems @ 70% 46 INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES > 4607 Graphics, augmented reality and games > 460708 Virtual and mixed reality @ 30%
SEO Codes:	20 HEALTH > 2099 Other health > 209999 Other health not elsewhere classified @ 70% 22 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SERVICES > 2204 Information systems, technologies and services > 220402 Applied computing @ 30%
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