Simple rules can guide whether land- or ocean-based conservation will best benefit marine ecosystems
Saunders, Megan I., Bode, Michael, Atkinson, Scott, Klein, Carissa J., Metaxas, Anna, Beher, Jutta, Beger, Maria, Mills, Morena, Giakoumi, Sylvaine, Tulloch, Vivitskaia, and Possingham, Hugh P. (2017) Simple rules can guide whether land- or ocean-based conservation will best benefit marine ecosystems. PLoS Biology, 15 (9). e2001886.
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Abstract
Coastal marine ecosystems can be managed by actions undertaken both on the land and in the ocean. Quantifying and comparing the costs and benefits of actions in both realms is therefore necessary for efficient management. Here, we quantify the link between terrestrial sediment runoff and a downstream coastal marine ecosystem and contrast the cost-effectiveness of marine-and land-based conservation actions. We use a dynamic land-and seascape model to determine whether limited funds should be directed to 1 of 4 alternative conservation actions-protection on land, protection in the ocean, restoration on land, or restoration in the ocean-to maximise the extent of light-dependent marine benthic habitats across decadal timescales. We apply the model to a case study for a seagrass meadow in Australia. We find that marine restoration is the most cost-effective action over decadal timescales in this system, based on a conservative estimate of the rate at which seagrass can expand into a new habitat. The optimal decision will vary in different social-ecological contexts, but some basic information can guide optimal investments to counteract land-and ocean-based stressors: (1) marine restoration should be prioritised if the rates of marine ecosystem decline and expansion are similar and low; (2) marine protection should take precedence if the rate of marine ecosystem decline is high or if the adjacent catchment is relatively intact and has a low rate of vegetation decline; (3) land-based actions are optimal when the ratio of marine ecosystem expansion to decline is greater than 1:1.4, with terrestrial restoration typically the most cost-effective action; and (4) land protection should be prioritised if the catchment is relatively intact but the rate of vegetation decline is high. These rules of thumb illustrate how cost-effective conservation outcomes for connected land-ocean systems can proceed without complex modelling.
Item ID: | 51251 |
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Item Type: | Article (Research - C1) |
ISSN: | 1545-7885 |
Additional Information: | This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
Funders: | University of Queensland (UQ), Science for Nature and People Partnership (SNAPP), The Nature Conservancy, Wildlife Conservation Society, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Australian Research Council (ARC) |
Projects and Grants: | UQ grant number UQFEL1717597, UQ grant number 2013002850, SNAPP Ridges to Reef Fisheries Working Group, NSERC grant number RGPIN/222932-2011, ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions (CEED), ARC grant number FL130100090 |
Date Deposited: | 18 Oct 2017 07:30 |
FoR Codes: | 41 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES > 4104 Environmental management > 410403 Environmental education and extension @ 100% |
SEO Codes: | 96 ENVIRONMENT > 9607 Environmental Policy, Legislation and Standards > 960701 Coastal and Marine Management Policy @ 100% |
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