Mucosal BCG vaccination induces protective lung-resident memory T cell populations against tuberculosis

Perdomo, Carolina, Zedler, Ulrike, Kühl, Anja A., Lozza, Laura, Saikali, Philippe, Sander, Leif E., Vogelzang, Alexis, Kaufmann, Stefan H.E., and Kupz, Andreas (2016) Mucosal BCG vaccination induces protective lung-resident memory T cell populations against tuberculosis. mBio, 7 (6). e01686-16. pp. 1-11.

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Abstract

Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), yet its moderate efficacy against pulmonary TB calls for improved vaccination strategies. Mucosal BCG vaccination generates superior protection against TB in animal models; however, the mechanisms of protection remain elusive. Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells have been implicated in protective immune responses against viral infections, but the role of TRM cells following mycobacterial infection is unknown. Using a mouse model of TB, we compared protection and lung cellular infiltrates of parenteral and mucosal BCG vaccination. Adoptive transfer and gene expression analyses of lung airway cells were performed to determine the protective capacities and phenotypes of different memory T cell subsets. In comparison to subcutaneous vaccination, intratracheal and intranasal BCG vaccination generated T effector memory and TRM cells in the lung, as defined by surface marker phenotype. Adoptive mucosal transfer of these airway-resident memory T cells into naive mice mediated protection against TB. Whereas airway-resident memory CD4+ T cells displayed a mixture of effector and regulatory phenotype, airway-resident memory CD8+ T cells displayed prototypical TRM features. Our data demonstrate a key role for mucosal vaccination-induced airway-resident T cells in the host defense against pulmonary TB. These results have direct implications for the design of refined vaccination strategies.

IMPORTANCE BCG remains the only licensed vaccine against TB. Parenterally administered BCG has variable efficacy against pulmonary TB, and thus, improved prevention strategies and a more refined understanding of correlates of vaccine protection are required. Induction of memory T cells has been shown to be essential for protective TB vaccines. Mimicking the natural infection route by mucosal vaccination has been known to generate superior protection against TB in animal models; however, the mechanisms of protection have remained elusive. Here we performed an in-depth analysis to dissect the immunological mechanisms associated with superior mucosal protection in the mouse model of TB. We found that mucosal, and not subcutaneous, BCG vaccination generates lung-resident memory T cell populations that confer protection against pulmonary TB. We establish a comprehensive phenotypic characterization of these populations, providing a framework for future vaccine development.

Item ID: 46474
Item Type: Article (Research - C1)
ISSN: 2150-7511
Additional Information:

© 2016 Perdomo et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

Funders: International Max Planck Research School, Max Planck Society, European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (EUSFP), National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC)
Projects and Grants: EUSFP project ADITEC (HEALTH-F4-2011-280873), NHMRC APP1052764
Date Deposited: 24 Nov 2016 01:29
FoR Codes: 31 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES > 3107 Microbiology > 310702 Infectious agents @ 40%
32 BIOMEDICAL AND CLINICAL SCIENCES > 3202 Clinical sciences > 320211 Infectious diseases @ 40%
32 BIOMEDICAL AND CLINICAL SCIENCES > 3204 Immunology > 320407 Innate immunity @ 20%
SEO Codes: 97 EXPANDING KNOWLEDGE > 970106 Expanding Knowledge in the Biological Sciences @ 65%
92 HEALTH > 9201 Clinical Health (Organs, Diseases and Abnormal Conditions) > 920109 Infectious Diseases @ 35%
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