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Abstract

[Extract] First, Nowak et al. are incorrect to suggest a sharp distinction between inclusive fitness theory and "standard natural selection theory". Natural selection explains the appearance of design in the living world, and inclusive fitness theory explains what this design is for. Specifically, natural selection leads organisms to become adapted as if to maximize their inclusive fitness. Inclusive fitness theory is based upon population genetics, and is used to make falsifiable predictions about how natural selection shapes phenotypes, and so it is not surprising that it generates identical predictions to those obtained using other methods.

Second, Nowak et al. are incorrect to state that inclusive fitness requires a number of "stringent assumptions" such as pairwise interactions, weak selection, linearity, additivity and special population structures. Hamilton’s original formulations did not make all these assumptions, and generalizations have shown that none of them is required. Inclusive fitness is as general as the genetical theory of natural selection itself. It simply partitions natural selection into its direct and indirect components.

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