Liu, Liu, Ji, Rongyue, Zhou, Changpeng, Zhang, Yuelei, Kong, Zhengmin, and Huang, Tao (2026) Joint beamforming for internet of vehicles via IBKA-driven intelligent reflecting surface optimization. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 144.

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Abstract

The deployment of terahertz communications in high-dynamic 6G vehicular networks faces two major challenges: severe link blockage in non-line-of-sight scenarios and the high computational load of beamforming. To address these issues, this paper introduces an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) into the system to create reliable secondary links through dynamic phase reconfiguration. We propose a joint beamforming scheme in which the base station (BS) beamforming is computed using the zero-forcing algorithm, while the IRS phase shifts are optimized using the Improved Black-winged Kite Algorithm (IBKA). The IBKA is specifically designed to overcome the original algorithm’s limitations, including low population diversity and local optima convergence. Key improvements include the use of Circle chaotic mapping for population initialization, the incorporation of an adaptive T-distribution perturbation spiral strategy during the attack phase, and the application of a Golden Sine Strategy (GSS) during the migration phase. Simulation results validate the efficacy of our framework. Compared to the benchmark Genetic Algorithm (GA), the proposed IBKA framework significantly reduces the computational burden by approximately 45% (in terms of Number of Function Evaluations), while incurring only a marginal 1.55% sacrifice in the system sum-rate, effectively enabling a real-time optimal performance-complexity trade-off for 6G vehicular networks.

Item ID:	93556
Item Type:	Article (Research - C1)
ISSN:	2090-2670
Copyright Information:	© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Date Deposited:	18 Aug 2026 01:46
FoR Codes:	40 ENGINEERING > 4099 Other engineering > 409902 Engineering instrumentation @ 100%
SEO Codes:	28 EXPANDING KNOWLEDGE > 2801 Expanding knowledge > 280110 Expanding knowledge in engineering @ 100%
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