Valenzuela, Sary, Lao, Percival Ethan, Apostol, Geminn Louis C., Conda, Lea Elora A., Dayapera, Lystra Zyrill A., Enriquez, Anna Beatrice, Diaz, Elaine Joyce, Jacinto, Natasha Alexis Marie G., and Asvinigita, Luh Rai Maduretno (2025) Situational analysis of antimicrobial resistance policies and program implementation in the Philippines, 2019–2023. One Health, 21. 101255.

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Abstract

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a pressing global threat to public, agricultural, and environmental health. In 2015, the WHO launched the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), emphasizing the importance of a unified One Health approach to involve all sectors in combating AMR. Member states, including the Philippines, were encouraged to develop their own national action plans. This study is an implementation review of its second iteration, the Philippine National Action Plan to Combat AMR 2019–2023 using the One Health Approach, investigating its progress, successes, and challenges. Quantitative data was collected by asking relevant government agencies to rate each activity by its level of progress; results were elucidated and validated with national policies and reports, international benchmarks, insights from key informant interviews, and technical consultations with government agencies and international organizations. Findings revealed notable progress in AMR policy development, regulation, and surveillance in the human and animal health sectors. However, the environmental sector lacks formal engagement, regulatory mandates, and surveillance capacity, limiting a true One Health approach. Other challenges remain in agricultural data collection, laboratory capacity, and interagency coordination at the local levels, where implementation is crucial. Local authorities lack in training, support, and technical expertise on AMR's far-reaching impacts, hindering effective enforcement and response. Recommendations include increased laboratory and staff financing, expanded surveillance infrastructure, and enhanced environmental sector participation. Additionally, integrating socioeconomic and gender considerations into AMR strategies will improve policy responsiveness. While significant milestones have been achieved, sustained commitment, cross-sector collaboration, and strengthened regulatory frameworks are critical to ensuring a more comprehensive and effective response to AMR in the Philippines. This study was funded by the European Union and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

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