A Critical Review of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: Spotlights on Host Plasticity and Potential Spillover Events
Rana, Eaftekhar Ahmed, Prodhan, M. Asaduzzaman, Aleri, Joshua W., Akter, Syeda Hasina, Annandale, Henry, Abraham, Sam, Sarker, Subir, Gogoi-Tiwari, Jully, and Uddin, Jasim Muhammad (2025) A Critical Review of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: Spotlights on Host Plasticity and Potential Spillover Events. Viruses, 17 (9). 1221.
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Abstract
The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infects a wide range of domestic and wild mammals. This review hypothesized that there might be cross-species transmission of BVDV. Therefore, the aim was to explore the BVDV-5' UTR and N-pro sequence-based evidence to understand host plasticity among different animals. A total of 146 unique BVDV sequences retrieved from GenBank, originating from 12 distinct mammalian species that are submitted from 55 countries, were analyzed. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all three BVDV species exhibited genetic relatedness infecting diverse animal species. BVDV-1 sequences obtained from cattle, buffalo, and pigs and BVDV-2 and HoBi-like pestivirus sequences from cattle, goats, and sheep showed a genetic resemblance. Surprisingly, cattle and buffalo in China, cattle and yak in Mongolia, cattle and wild boar in Serbia, cattle and deer in Mexico, cattle and alpacas in Canada, goats and pigs in the USA, and sheep and buffalo in Argentina were infected with BVDV-1 within the same county and strongly positioned in the same cluster, indicating potential spillover with host tropism. Moreover, BVDV sequences isolated from various neighboring countries clustered closely, suggesting potential cross-border transmission events. Based on genomic evidence, the BVDV transmission cycle could be depicted, where cattle act as a primary source of infection, while other domestic and wild animals maintain the infection ecology within their habitat due to virus tropism.
| Item ID: | 89091 |
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| Item Type: | Article (Research - C1) |
| ISSN: | 1999-4915 |
| Keywords: | BVDV, cross-species, host tropism, plasticity, spillover, transmission cycle |
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| Copyright Information: | © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
| Date Deposited: | 07 Oct 2025 21:46 |
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