Banaeian Far, Saeed, Chalak Qazani, Mohamad Reza, Bamakan, Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini, Imani Rad, Azadeh, and Zareravasan, Ahad (2025) A novel Layer 2 framework for breaking the blockchain trilemma problem using MPC-in-the-Head. Computer Networks, 261. 111148.

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Abstract

The blockchain trilemma, which poses inherent trade-offs among security, scalability, and decentralization, remains a critical challenge in blockchain technology. While numerous Layer 1 (L1) blockchains and Layer 2 (L2) scaling solutions have attempted to address these dimensions, no single approach has successfully optimized all three simultaneously. This study proposes an innovative L2 framework that leverages both classic and advanced cryptographic techniques to break the blockchain trilemma comprehensively. By incorporating the lightweight Knapsack-based encryption scheme, the framework achieves efficient computation and throughput, even for a large volume of transactions. Additionally, the integration of the MPC-in-the-Head (MPCitH) protocol ensures robust confidentiality while maintaining computational efficiency. The proposed framework introduces a novel reference model for evaluating blockchain solutions and demonstrates superiority across all trilemma dimensions. Experimental analysis and rigorous proofs confirm that this framework achieves enhanced scalability, decentralization, and security compared to existing approaches, offering a new benchmark for blockchain innovation.

Item ID:	86692
Item Type:	Article (Research - C1)
ISSN:	1872-7069
Copyright Information:	© 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
Date Deposited:	27 Aug 2025 03:03
FoR Codes:	46 INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES > 4604 Cybersecurity and privacy > 460499 Cybersecurity and privacy not elsewhere classified @ 50% 46 INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES > 4601 Applied computing > 460199 Applied computing not elsewhere classified @ 30% 46 INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES > 4608 Human-centred computing > 460805 Fairness, accountability, transparency, trust and ethics of computer systems @ 20%
SEO Codes:	28 EXPANDING KNOWLEDGE > 2801 Expanding knowledge > 280115 Expanding knowledge in the information and computing sciences @ 60% 28 EXPANDING KNOWLEDGE > 2801 Expanding knowledge > 280123 Expanding knowledge in human society @ 15% 28 EXPANDING KNOWLEDGE > 2801 Expanding knowledge > 280110 Expanding knowledge in engineering @ 25%
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