Tang, Liang, Morrison, Alastair M., Lehto, Xinran Y., Kline, Sheryl, and Pearce, Philip L. (2009) Effectiveness criteria for icons as tourist attractions: a comparative study between the United States and China. Journal Travel & Tourism Marketing, 26 (3). pp. 284-302.

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Abstract

As the application of human icons as tourist attractions continues to increase, there is a growing need to better understand how these famous individuals are used by destinations. Based on literature in several relevant fields, such as history, social science, and destination management, effectiveness criteria for icon attractions were analyzed in this study. Three 'lsituational" factors influencing the operation of icon attractions (culture, history, and government involvement) were included in these criteria. It also suggested that icon attractions can be evaluated from three aspects: characte~istics of icons, organization, and impacts. The applications of icon effectiveness criteria for tourist attractions in the United States and China were compared. The validity and practical value of the effectiveness criteria were demonstrated. Management implications in the utilization of icon attractions were derived.

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