Omatola, Cornelius Arome, Mshelbwala, Philip Paul, Okolo, Martin-Luther Oseni, Onoja, Anyebe Bernard, Abraham, Joseph Oyiguh, Adaji, David Moses, Samson, Sunday Ocholi, Okeme, Therisa Ojomideju, Aminu, Ruth Foluke, Akor, Monday Eneojo, Ayeni, Gideon, Muhammed, Danjuma, Akoh, Phoebe Queen, Ibrahim, Danjuma Salisu, Edegbo, Emmanuel, Yusuf, Lamidi, Ocean, Helen Ojomachenwu, Akpala, Sumaila Ndah, Musa, Oiza Aishat, and Adamu, Andrew Musa (2024) Noroviruses: Evolutionary Dynamics, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Advances—A Comprehensive Review. Vaccines, 12 (6). 590.

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Abstract

Noroviruses constitute a significant aetiology of sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis in human hosts worldwide, especially among young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. The low infectious dose of the virus, protracted shedding in faeces, and the ability to persist in the environment promote viral transmission in different socioeconomic settings. Considering the substantial disease burden across healthcare and community settings and the difficulty in controlling the disease, we review aspects related to current knowledge about norovirus biology, mechanisms driving the evolutionary trends, epidemiology and molecular diversity, pathogenic mechanism, and immunity to viral infection. Additionally, we discuss the reservoir hosts, intra–inter host dynamics, and potential eco-evolutionary significance. Finally, we review norovirus vaccines in the development pipeline and further discuss the various host and pathogen factors that may complicate vaccine development.

Item ID:	82971
Item Type:	Article (Research - C1)
ISSN:	2076-393X
Copyright Information:	© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Date Deposited:	17 Jun 2024 06:48
FoR Codes:	42 HEALTH SCIENCES > 4202 Epidemiology > 420207 Major global burdens of disease @ 100%
SEO Codes:	20 HEALTH > 2004 Public health (excl. specific population health) > 200404 Disease distribution and transmission (incl. surveillance and response) @ 100%
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