Ghasemiardekani, Maryam, Dadpour, Rana, Irannezhad, Elnaz, and Bidarmaghz, Asal (2023) Endangering trust in health services: using ambulances to arrest protesters in Iran. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 39 (4). pp. 345-351.

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Abstract

[Extract] Since the beginning of the nationwide protests in Iran in September 2022, ambulances have been seriously misused for non-medical transports to suppress the recent protests in Iran such as detention and transfer of the protesters, and transfer of military forces. This can lead to a loss of public trust in the healthcare system in Iran. Using ambulances for non-medical purposes during armed conflict violates International Humanitarian Law (IHL), which seeks to protect healthcare professionals and infrastructures, ambulances, and injured people. While the situation of protest and civil uprisings in Iran is not considered an armed conflict, these protections should apply given the provisions of Human Rights Law (HRL) and customary International Human Rights Law (IHRL).

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