Crowley, Kyle, and Carroll, Daniel (2023) Thoracic Surgery in Children. In: Carroll, Daniel, Stalewski, Harry, and Rathnamma, Bhanu Mariyappa, (eds.) Paediatric Surgery: Clinical Practice in Remote and Rural Settings, and in Tropical Regions. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, pp. 139-153.

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Abstract

Paediatric surgeons are mostly involved in the management of lesions that involve the chest wall, breast, and the lungs and oesophagus as operations involving the heart and great vessels are usually performed by subspecialist paediatric cardiac surgical services. In the paediatric population, conditions of the breast are uncommon and typically benign or associated with normal breast development. There are a multitude of breast conditions in adolescent females that are commonly underexpressed as a concern in this population. Pathological gynaecomastia can be associated with certain medical conditions, medication use, or substance abuse. Common medical causes include primary/secondary hypogonadism, tumours, and malnutrition/disorders of impaired absorption. Chest wall deformities are a congenital disease that can be an isolated condition, associated with other anomalies, or as part of a genetic syndrome. Pleural drainage should be used in patients with respiratory distress, a large effusion, and ongoing sepsis despite antibiotics treatment.

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