Carroll, Daniel (2023) Paediatric Urology: A Simplified Approach to Dealing with Urinary Tract Dilatation. In: Carroll, Daniel, Stalewski, Harry, and Rathnamma, Bhanu Mariyappa, (eds.) Paediatric Surgery: Clinical Practice in Remote and Rural Settings, and in Tropical Regions. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 127-138.

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Abstract

Paediatric urology is a distinct subspecialty of paediatric surgery specialising in the management of conditions of the genitourinary tract of boys and girls. Abnormalities of the renal tract are one of the most commonly identified antenatal malformations. Antenatal hydronephrosis (AHN) complicates between 1 and 5% of pregnancies and is the most commonly antenatally detected congenital abnormality. In an attempt to improve the long-term outcomes for patients diagnosed with AHN, empirical continuous antibiotic prophylaxis has been the mainstay of conservative management for over 30 years. With improvements in antenatal care and scanning technology around nine out of ten clinically significant urinary tract abnormalities are detected during pregnancy. The most serious potential cause of AHN in male infants is posterior urethral valves. There is a wide variety of clinical presentations after delivery. Some patients have significant oligohydramnios and subsequent pulmonary hypoplasia and moulding deformities.

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