Hoogeveen, Suzanne, Sarafoglou, Alexandra, Aczel, Balazs, Aditya, Yonathan, Alayan, Alexandra J., Allen, Peter J., Altay, Sacha, Alzahawi, Shilaan, Amir, Yulmaida, Anthony, Francis-Vincent, Kwame Appiah, Obed, Atkinson, Quentin D., Baimel, Adam, Balkaya-Ince, Merve, Balsamo, Michela, Banker, Sachin, Bartoš, František, Becerra, Mario, Beffara, Bertrand, Beitner, Julia, Bendixen, Theiss, Berkessel, Jana B., Berniūnas, Renatas, Billet, Matthew I., Billingsley, Joseph, Bortolini, Tiago, Breitsohl, Heiko, Bret, Amélie, Brown, Faith L., Brown, Jennifer, Brumbaugh, Claudia C., Buczny, Jacek, Bulbulia, Joseph, Caballero, Saúl, Carlucci, Leonardo, Carmichael, Cheryl L., Cattaneo, Marco E.G.V., Charles, Sarah J., Claessens, Scott, Panagopoulos, Maxinne C., Costa, Angelo Brandelli, Crone, Damien L., Czoschke, Stefan, Czymara, Christian, D'Urso, E. Damiano, Dahlström, Örjan, Rosa, Anna Dalla, Danielsson, Henrik, De Ron, Jill, de Vries, Ymkje Anna, Dean, Kristy K., Dik, Bryan J., Disabato, David J., Doherty, Jaclyn K., Draws, Tim, Drouhot, Lucas, Dujmovic, Marin, Dunham, Yarrow, Ebert, Tobias, Edelsbrunner, Peter A., Eerland, Anita, Elbaek, Christian T., Farahmand, Shole, Farahmand, Hooman, Farias, Miguel, Feliccia, Abrey A., Fischer, Kyle, Fischer, Ronald, Fisher-Thompson, Donna, Francis, Zoë, Frick, Susanne, Frisch, Lisa K., Geraldes, Diogo, Gerdin, Emily, Geven, Linda, Ghasemi, Omid, Gielens, Erwin, Gligorić, Vukašin, Hagel, Kristin, Hajdu, Nandor, Hamilton, Hannah R., Hamzah, Imaduddin, Hanel, Paul H. P., Hawk, Christopher E., K. Himawan, Karel, Holding, Benjamin C., Homman, Lina E., Ingendahl, Moritz, Inkilä, Hilla, Inman, Mary L., Islam, Chris-Gabriel, Isler, Ozan, Izydorczyk, David, Jaeger, Bastian, Johnson, Kathryn A., Jong, Jonathan, Karl, Johannes A., Kaszubowski, Erikson, Katz, Benjamin A., Keefer, Lucas A., Kelchtermans, Stijn, Kelly, John M., Klein, Richard A., Kleinberg, Bennett, Knowles, Megan L., Kołczyńska, Marta, Koller, Dave, Krasko, Julia, Kritzler, Sarah, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Kyritsis, Thanos, L. Landes, Todd, Laukenmann, Ruben, Forsyth, Guy A. Lavender, Lazar, Aryeh, Lehman, Barbara J., Levy, Neil, Lo, Ronda F., Lodder, Paul, Lorenz, Jennifer, Łowicki, Paweł, Ly, Albert L., Maassen, Esther, Magyar-Russell, Gina M., Maier, Maximilian, Marsh, Dylan R., Martinez, Nuria, Martinie, Marcellin, Martoyo, Ihan, Mason, Susan E., Mauritsen, Anne Lundahl, McAleer, Phil, McCauley, Thomas, McCullough, Michael, McKay, Ryan, McMahon, Camilla M., McNamara, Amelia A., Means, Kira K., Mercier, Brett, Mitkidis, Panagiotis, Monin, Benoît, Moon, Jordan W., Moreau, David, Morgan, Jonathan, Murphy, James, Muscatt, George, Nägel, Christof, Nagy, Tamás, Nalborczyk, Ladislas, Nilsonne, Gustav, Noack, Pamina, Norenzayan, Ara, Nuijten, Michèle B., Olsson-Collentine, Anton, Oviedo, Lluis, Pavlov, Yuri G., Pawelski, James O., Pearson, Hannah I., Pedder, Hugo, Peetz, Hannah K., Pinus, Michael, Pirutinsky, Steven, Polito, Vince, Porubanova, Michaela, Poulin, Michael J., Prenoveau, Jason M., Prince, Mark A., Protzko, John, Pryor, Campbell, Purzycki, Benjamin G., Qiu, Lin, Pütter, Julian Quevedo, Rabelo, André, Radell, Milen L., Ramsay, Jonathan, Reid, Graham, J. Roberts, Andrew, Luna, Lindsey M. Root, Ross, Robert M., Roszak, Piotr, Roy, Nirmal, Saarelainen, Suvi-Maria K., Sasaki, Joni Y., Schaumans, Catherine, Schivinski, Bruno, Schmitt, Marcel C., Schnitker, Sarah A., Schnuerch, Martin, Schreiner, Marcel R., Schüttengruber, Victoria, Sebben, Simone, Segerstrom, Suzanne C., Seryczyńska, Berenika, Shjoedt, Uffe, Simsek, Müge, Sleegers, Willem W. A., Smith, Eliot R., Sowden, Walter J., Späth, Marion, Spörlein, Christoph, Stedden, William, Stoevenbelt, Andrea H., Stuber, Simon, Sulik, Justin, Suwartono, Christiany, Syropoulos, Stylianos, Szaszi, Barnabas, Szecsi, Peter, Tappin, Ben M., Tay, Louis, Thibault, Robert T., Thompson, Burt, Thurn, Christian M., Torralba, Josefa, Tuthill, Shelby D., Ullein, Ann-Marie, Van Aert, Robbie C. M., van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., Van Cappellen, Patty, van den Akker, Olmo R., Van der Cruyssen, Ine, Van der Noll, Jolanda, van Dongen, Noah N. N., Van Lissa, Caspar J., van Mulukom, Valerie, van Ravenzwaaij, Don, van Zyl, Casper J. J., Ann Vaughn, Leigh, Većkalov, Bojana, Verschuere, Bruno, Vianello, Michelangelo, Vilanova, Felipe, Vishkin, Allon, Vogel, Vera, Vogelsmeier, Leonie V. D. E., Watanabe, Shoko, White, Cindel J. M., Wiebels, Kristina, Wiechert, Sera, Willett, Zachary Z., Witkowiak, Maciej, Witvliet, Charlotte V. O., Wiwad, Dylan, Wuyts, Robin, Xygalatas, Dimitris, Yang, Xin, Yeo, Darren J., Yilmaz, Onurcan, Zarzeczna, Natalia, Zhao, Yitong, Zijlmans, Josjan, van Elk, Michiel, and Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan (2023) A many-analysts approach to the relation between religiosity and well-being. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 13 (3). pp. 237-283.

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Abstract

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N=10,535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported β=0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported β=0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates.

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