Underwater shell middens: excavation and remote sensing of a submerged Mesolithic site at Hjarnø, Denmark
Astrup, Peter Moe, Skriver, Claus, Benjamin, Jonathan, Stankiewicz, Francis, Ward, Ingrid, McCarthy, John, Ross, Peter, Baggaley, Paul, Ulm, Sean, and Bailey, Geoff (2020) Underwater shell middens: excavation and remote sensing of a submerged Mesolithic site at Hjarnø, Denmark. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 15 (4). pp. 457-476.
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Abstract
Shell middens, or shell-matrix deposits, occur in large numbers across the coastlines of the world from the mid-Holocene (ca. 6000–5000 cal BC) onwards, often forming substantial mounds. However, they become smaller, rarer or absent as one goes back into earlier periods, suggesting a world-wide process of economic intensification. Since sea level was generally much lower during these earlier periods, a critical question is the extent to which mounded shell middens could have accumulated on now-submerged palaeoshorelines, and if so, how they were affected by the potentially destructive impact of sea-level rise. Further, and important to modern practice, it is essential that archaeologists consider how such sites can be discovered through underwater investigation. Here we offer a proof of concept that shell middens can survive submergence and can be detected, using systematic investigation of a rare example of a confirmed underwater shell midden at the Mesolithic site of Hjarnø (ca. 5300–4300 cal BC) in Denmark. We compare the excavation results with the results of geophysical survey, explore the problems of distinguishing underwater cultural shell middens from natural shell beds and conclude that shell middens can survive inundation by sea-level rise and can be detected by remote sensing, but require at least minimally invasive sampling to establish their cultural status. We suggest the methods developed may be applicable to coastal and marine sites impacted by postglacial sea-level rise worldwide.
| Item ID: | 58485 |
|---|---|
| Item Type: | Article (Research - C1) |
| ISSN: | 1556-1828 |
| Keywords: | Mesolithic, Ertebølle, underwater archaeology, submerged landscapes, sidescan, sub-bottom profiling |
| Copyright Information: | Copyright © 2019 Peter Moe Astrup, Claus Skriver, Jonathan Benjamin, Francis Stankiewicz, Ingrid Ward, John McCarthy, Peter Ross, Paul Baggaley, Sean Ulm, and Geoff Bailey. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way. |
| Funders: | Australian Research Council (ARC) |
| Projects and Grants: | ARC Discovery Project (DP170100812) |
| Date Deposited: | 04 Jun 2019 00:20 |
| FoR Codes: | 43 HISTORY, HERITAGE AND ARCHAEOLOGY > 4301 Archaeology > 430104 Archaeology of Europe, the Mediterranean and the Levant @ 50% 43 HISTORY, HERITAGE AND ARCHAEOLOGY > 4301 Archaeology > 430101 Archaeological science @ 50% |
| SEO Codes: | 95 CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING > 9505 Understanding Past Societies > 950599 Understanding Past Societies not elsewhere classified @ 100% |
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