Tollefson, Joanne (2009) I live my life according to the pain: the lived experience of chronic pain in adults living in rural Queensland. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

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Abstract

Chronic pain is ubiquitous in people all over the world. Australia is no exception, with up to a fifth of the population claiming that they have experienced chronic pain over the past year. Chronic pain has been explored in a multitude of studies over the past century, with the majority being quantitative studies aimed at understanding the patho-psycho-physiological aspects of pain, or the psychological/behavioural management issues. More recently, qualitative studies have been undertaken to begin to understand the individual person’s perspective on chronic pain in an attempt to inform health care professionals so they can better assist those they care for to live with their pain. In this study, living in rural areas provided a contextual background to living with chronic pain. Geographical distance often imposes restrictions on the health care services that are available, and these restrictions increase the impact of living with chronic pain in a rural area. The aim of this study was to answer the question: What is it like to live with chronic pain in a rural area of Queensland? An interpretive study using van Manen’s (1997) approach to hermeneutic phenomenology explored the experiences of seven adults living with chronic pain in rural areas of Queensland. Hermeneutic phenomenology was chosen as the underlying philosophy for this study. Conversational interviews were conducted with adults between the ages of 23 and 55 years in small towns in several parts of Queensland. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the resulting transcripts analysed using van Manen’s (1997) analytic approach. Several sub-themes emerged and fell into the four existential concepts or essences described by van Manen: spatiality, temporality, corporeality and relationality.

Spatiality - ‘The country style of life’ included four sub-themes. ‘Distance is the biggest problem’ spoke of geographical distance to sophisticated health care that was found to be a problem, both in additional physical discomfort during travel, and in personal and financial costs. As well, a diminution or lack of health care services in country areas was apparent. ‘Living in a small town’ assists the person to deal with their chronic pain quietly and privately. The ‘Safety and comfort of living in a small town’ revolved around the trust and the relationships participants developed with community members over the years. ‘Retreating to private spaces’ permitted disengagement from others, both mentally and physically, fostering relaxation and reducing pain.

Temporality - ‘This is my life now’, was constituted by four sub-themes. The temporal discontinuity between ‘what was’ and ‘what is now’ was explored in ‘I am different to what I was’. Grief was endured because of these changes and lives and identities were fragmented. As part of this experience, participants also attempted to retrieve a sense of self. ‘This is my life now’ told of the endurance and acceptance of the pain, and the recognition that the pain would be a constant companion. ‘Things will not improve’ extended this theme with reference to uncertainty, maintaining independence and the value of distraction. ‘Pace of life in the country’ demonstrated some of the positive factors that assisted with living with chronic pain in a rural area – quiet, fewer interactions and the slower rhythm of the country lifestyle.

Corporeality - ‘Some days are better than others’ included four sub-themes. ‘Pain is invisible – but it really does hurt’, related the psychological burden of not being able to actually demonstrate the hurt, and feeling like a fraud. ‘Difficult to name – all there is is the pain’ emphasised participants’ inability to articulate pain and the increased necessity for health care professionals to be astute in their assessment of the person living with chronic pain. ‘What’s wrong? What’s wrong? – the meaning of pain’ tells of making sense of the pain for peace of mind and giving it a name so as to legitimize it. ‘Balancing the pain’ brought forth the experience of persisting versus pacing of activities to reduce the effects of the pain, being aware of personal limitations, use of analgesia, and distraction to cope with the pain. ‘Mind over matter – the scary mental side of things’ tells of believing in their own body rather than worrying that they were losing their mind, the effects of mind over the somatic body and of depression, of memory loss and of cognitive dysfunction.

Relationality - ‘Relationships in Pain’ included four sub-themes. ‘Silence on pain’ relates stoicism, reticence about the pain, independence and perseverance. ‘Privacy – you don’t have to look and act happy’ protects as it keeps the pain from others. ‘Support and comfort’ from family, friends, community, animal companions and God helps cope with the pain. Good, solid family relationships empower, but as the circle widens, support and comfort became less apparent. ‘He just doesn’t understand’ paints a telling story of participants’ relationships with health care professionals. Inadequate care and difficult interactions were often experienced. As a consequence, traveling great distances to consult compassionate doctors occurred, although nurses were seldom mentioned.

Several key recommendations arose from the findings of this study. In respect to education, suggestions for future curricula development to help health care professionals to learn to provide more empathetic assistance to people living with chronic pain were made. In respect to clinical practice, the development more effective strategies to assist people living with chronic pain is suggested. Advanced practice nurses with an interest in, and further studies in assessing and managing chronic pain are needed in rural areas, both as practitioners and as mentors to other nurses. Adoption of standardised pain management strategies by professional organisations, and especially dissemination of these through their rural networks would assist health care professionals to practice in a consistent and contemporary way. The importance of aggressive and thorough pain assessment of people seeking health care advice in rural areas is an important finding in this study and should be utilized by all first-contact health care professionals.

In reference to research, specific recommendations were made. Since pain assessment and pain management are currently taught in the health care disciplines and have been for at least a couple of decades (personal experience), research projects are urgently needed to determine why this knowledge has not translated into practice in order to address the indifference, lack of knowledge and the stigma that people living with chronic pain face from the professionals who are supposed to assist them. Further qualitative studies are recommended to increase the scope of knowledge of the experiences of people living with chronic pain in rural areas.

Item ID:	4783
Item Type:	Thesis (PhD)
Keywords:	chronic pain, adult patients, Queensland, rural areas, rurality, personal experience, hermeneutic phenomenology, spatiality, temporality, corporeality, relationality, relationships, rural health care, health care professionals, nursing education
Copyright Information:	Copyright © 2009 Joanne Tollefson
Date Deposited:	16 Jul 2009 06:11
FoR Codes:	11 MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES > 1110 Nursing > 111004 Clinical Nursing: Tertiary (Rehabilitative) @ 50% 11 MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES > 1110 Nursing > 111003 Clinical Nursing: Secondary (Acute Care) @ 50%
SEO Codes:	92 HEALTH > 9205 Specific Population Health (excl. Indigenous Health) > 920506 Rural Health @ 50% 92 HEALTH > 9202 Health and Support Services > 920210 Nursing @ 50%
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