Penetration height of transitional round fountains in a linearly stratified fluid

Gao, Wenfeng, Lin, Wenxian, Liu, Tao, Armfield, S.W., and Li, Ming (2017) Penetration height of transitional round fountains in a linearly stratified fluid. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 81. pp. 79-91.

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Abstract

The transition to asymmetry of transitional fountains is further complicated by the stratification of the ambient fluid. In this study, a series of three-dimensional direct numerical simulations were carried out for transitional round fountains in linearly-stratified fluids over the ranges of 100 ≤ Re ≤ 400, 1 ≤ Fr ≤ 8 and 0.0 ≤ s ≤ 0.3, where Fr, Re and s are the Froude, Reynolds, and dimensionless temperature stratification parameters, respectively, to examine, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the effect of these parameters on their axisymmetric transition and their maximum penetration heights. The results show that when Fr or Re are small enough, a fountain remains axisymmetric for all time; however, when Fr or Re are increased sufficiently, the fountain will be axisymmetric initially, before becoming asymmetric and unsteady, ultimately reaching a fully developed quasi-steady stage when the maximum fountain penetration height fluctuates over a constant, time-average, value. The stratification is found to play a positive role to stabilize the flow and to reduce or even to eliminate the asymmetric behavior. The numerical results were also used to develop a series of scaling relations, in conjunction with the scalings obtained with dimensional analysis, for the initial and time-averaged fountain penetration heights, and the time for the fountain to attain the initial penetration height. It is further found that in general these characteristic parameters are strongly dependent on Fr and s, while only weakly dependent on Re.

Item ID: 46945
Item Type: Article (Research - C1)
ISSN: 1879-0178
Keywords: transitional round fountain, stratification, fountain penetration height, direct numerical simulation
Funders: National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC), Australian Research Council (ARC)
Projects and Grants: NNSFC 51266016, NNSFC 51469035, ARC DP160102134
Date Deposited: 26 Jan 2017 23:09
FoR Codes: 40 ENGINEERING > 4012 Fluid mechanics and thermal engineering > 401299 Fluid mechanics and thermal engineering not elsewhere classified @ 80%
40 ENGINEERING > 4012 Fluid mechanics and thermal engineering > 401204 Computational methods in fluid flow, heat and mass transfer (incl. computational fluid dynamics) @ 20%
SEO Codes: 97 EXPANDING KNOWLEDGE > 970109 Expanding Knowledge in Engineering @ 100%
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