Doolan, Denise L., Freilich, Daniel A., Brice, Gary T., Burgess, Timothy H., Berzins, Mara P., Bull, Robert L., Graber, Norma L., Dabbs, Jason L., Shatney, Lori L., Blazes, David L., Bebris, Lolita M., Malone, Maria F., Eisold, John F., Mateczun, Alfred J., and Martin, Gregory J. (2007) The US Capitol bioterrorism anthrax exposures: clinical epidemiological and immunological characteristics. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 195 (2). pp. 174-184.

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Abstract

Background: Bioterrorism-related anthrax exposures occurred at the US Capitol in 2001. Exposed individuals received antibiotics and anthrax vaccine adsorbed immunization.

Methods: A prospective longitudinal study of 124 subjects—stratified on the basis of spore exposure, nasopharyngeal culture results, and immunization status from inside and outside an epidemiologically defined exposure zone—was performed to describe clinical outcome and immune responses after Bacillus anthracis exposure. Antibody and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses to protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting.

Results: Antibody and CMI dose-exposure responses, albeit generally of low magnitude, were seen for unimmunized subjects from inside, within the perimeter, and outside the exposure zone and in nonexposed control subjects. Anti-PA antibody and CMI responses were detected in 94% and 86% of immunized subjects. No associations were seen between symptoms and exposure levels or immune responses.

Conclusions: Anthrax spores primed cellular and possibly antibody immune responses in a dose-dependent manner and may have enhanced vaccine boost and recall responses. Immune responses were detected inside the perimeter and outside the exposure zone, which implies more-extensive spore exposure than was predicted. Despite postexposure prophylaxis with antibiotics, inhalation of B. anthracis spores resulted in stimulation of the immune system and possibly subclinical infection, and the greater the exposure, the more complete the immune response. The significance of low-level exposure should not be underestimated.

Item ID:	42745
Item Type:	Article (Research - C1)
ISSN:	1537-6613
Date Deposited:	22 Mar 2016 23:19
FoR Codes:	11 MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES > 1107 Immunology > 110799 Immunology not elsewhere classified @ 100%
SEO Codes:	92 HEALTH > 9201 Clinical Health (Organs, Diseases and Abnormal Conditions) > 920109 Infectious Diseases @ 100%
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