Postmenopausal women and physical activity : A challenge for healthy aging

The postmenopausal period for a woman today is very different to that of 100 years ago. Advancements in healthcare have meant that life expectancy in the Western world is 82.5 years compared to 55.5 years in the early 20th century [1]. Therefore, a woman of today should expect to live a further 30 years beyond menopause. This increased longevity may pose a challenge to a postmenopausal woman’s quality of life if she is not in good health. In Australia, the leading causes of death in older persons are heart disease, stroke and cancer. In addition, obesity rates are increasing with three in five adults either overweight or obese [2]. These comorbidities are thought of as lifestyle diseases, brought on by a combination of a sedentariness and poor dietary choices. Physical activity, however, is believed to be one of the most important non-pharmacological preventative treatments for reducing the health risks associated with lifestyle diseases. Regular moderate intensity physical activity has been found to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by up to 58%, type 2 diabetes by 46% and breast cancer by up to 67% [3]. In addition to the physiological benefits, regular moderate intensity physical activity has many known psychosocial benefits such as improving quality of life, enhancing self-efficacy and mood and offers opportunities for socialization. So, despite the known benefits, why are so few postmenopausal women participating in exercise? The answer can be found in the determinants of physical activity. A postmenopausal woman’s decision to


Editorial oPEN aCCESS
Postmenopausal women and physical activity: A challenge for healthy aging

Fiona Barnett
The postmenopausal period for a woman today is very different to that of 100 years ago.Advancements in healthcare have meant that life expectancy in the Western world is 82.5 years compared to 55.5 years in the early 20th century [1].Therefore, a woman of today should expect to live a further 30 years beyond menopause.This increased longevity may pose a challenge to a postmenopausal woman's quality of life if she is not in good health.In Australia, the leading causes of death in older persons are heart disease, stroke and cancer.In addition, obesity rates are increasing with three in five adults either overweight or obese [2].These comorbidities are thought of as lifestyle diseases, brought on by a combination of a sedentariness and poor dietary choices.
Physical activity, however, is believed to be one of the most important non-pharmacological preventative treatments for reducing the health risks associated with lifestyle diseases.Regular moderate intensity physical activity has been found to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by up to 58%, type 2 diabetes by 46% and breast cancer by up to 67% [3].In addition to the physiological benefits, regular moderate intensity physical activity has many known psychosocial benefits such as improving quality of life, enhancing self-efficacy and mood and offers opportunities for socialization.So, despite the known benefits, why are so few postmenopausal women participating in exercise?
The answer can be found in the determinants of physical activity.A postmenopausal woman's decision to exercise will be influenced by many determinants at both the individual level as well as the environmental level.Individual determinants include a perceived lack of time, a lack of motivation and safety concerns.Environmental determinants include social support, access to facilities and climate [4].These determinants can act as barriers to undertaking physical activity.Postmenopausal women who are working are particularly prone to the perception of lack of time, as they may be caring for children as well as elderly parents.For women to engage in physical activity, facilities must be affordable, aesthetically pleasing and be undertaken with others such as a partner or friends [5].For example, the hot, humid climate in northern Australia can be a deterrent to exercising outdoors, whereas in the southern regions of Australia it is the winter months which lead to less physical activity participation.Strategies are, therefore, needed in order to overcome these barriers before physical activity can be sustainable.
I have found that given the opportunity, previously sedentary postmenopausal women can find exercise to be an enjoyable experience providing they are given the appropriate support and encouragement.It is important that women choose an activity that is meaningful to them and is easily mastered so as to improve their selfefficacy at completing the activity.Group-based activities have proven particularly successful for offering a nonthreatening environment for postmenopausal women.An exercise intervention program, we have in our exercise physiology clinic involves circuit-style exercise incorporating resistance and aerobic-type activities.Physiological benefits we have seen include increases in strength and cardiovascular fitness, maintenance of bone density and decreases in waist girth and cholesterol while the reported psychosocial positives include the fun group atmosphere, the lack of feeling self-conscious and the friendly competitiveness.
Physical activity can come in many different forms.Exercise is structured physical activity whereby the activity conforms to the specific principles of frequency, intensity and duration.For example, 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity activities such as walking, swimming and cycling.Incidental physical activity

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