Structural, physiognomic and aboveground biomass variation in savanna-forest transition zones on three continents: how different are co-occurring savanna and forest formations?

Veenendaal, E.M., Torello-Raventos, M., Feldpausch, T.R., Domingues, T.F., Gerard, F., Schrodt, F., Saiz, G., Quesada, C.A., Djagbletey, G., Ford, A., Kemp, J., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Lenza, E., Ratter, J.A., Maracahipes, L., Sasaki, D., Sonké, B., Zapfack, L., Villarroel, D., Schwarz, M., Ishida, F. Yoko, Gilpin, M., Nardoto, G.B., Affum-Baffoef, K., Arroyo, L., Bloomfield, K., Ceca, G., Compaore, H., Davies, K., Diallo, A., Fyllas, N.M., Gignoux, J., Hien, F., Johnson, M., Mougin, E., Hiernaux, P., Killeen, T., Metcalfe, D., Miranda, H.S., Steininger, M., Sykora, K., Bird, M.I., Grace, J., Lewis, S., Philips, O.L., and Lloyd, J. (2015) Structural, physiognomic and aboveground biomass variation in savanna-forest transition zones on three continents: how different are co-occurring savanna and forest formations? Biogeosciences, 11. pp. 2927-2951.

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Abstract

Through interpretations of remote sensing data and/or theoretical propositions, the idea that forest and savanna represent "alternative stable states" is gaining increasing acceptance. Filling an observational gap, we present detailed stratified floristic and structural 5 analyses for forest and savanna stands mostly located within zones of transition (where both vegetation types occur in close proximity) in Africa, South America and Australia. Woody plant leaf area index variation was related in a similar way to tree canopy cover for both savanna and forest with substantial overlap between the two vegetation types. As total woody plant canopy cover increased, so did the contribution of middle and lower strata of woody vegetation to this total. Herbaceous layer cover also declined as woody cover increased. This pattern of understorey grasses and herbs being progressively replaced by shrubs as canopy closure occurs was found for both savanna and forests and on all continents. Thus, once subordinate woody canopy layers are taken into account, a less marked transition in woody plant cover across 15 the savanna-forest species discontinuum is observed compared to that implied when trees of a basal diameter > 0.1m are considered in isolation. This is especially the case for shrub-dominated savannas and in taller savannas approaching canopy closure. An increased contribution of forest species to the total subordinate cover is also observed as savanna stand canopy closure occurs. Despite similarities in canopy cover 20 characteristics, woody vegetation in Africa and Australia attained greater heights and stored a greater concentration of above ground biomass than in South America. Up to three times as much aboveground biomass is stored in forests compared to savannas under equivalent climatic conditions. Savanna/forest transition zones were also found to typically occur at higher precipitation regimes for South America than for Africa. 25 Nevertheless, coexistence was found to be confined to a well-defined edaphic/climate envelope consistent across all three continents with both soil and climate playing a role as the key determinants of the relative location of forest and savanna. Taken together these observations do not lend support the notion of alternate stable states mediated through fire-feedbacks as the prime force shaping the distribution of the two dominant vegetation types of the tropical lands.

Item ID: 39293
Item Type: Article (Research - C1)
ISSN: 1726-4189
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© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Funders: UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Royal Society, European Union (EU)
Projects and Grants: NERC TROBIT Consortium award NE/D005590/1, EU Geocarbon project no. 283080
Date Deposited: 25 Jun 2015 03:25
FoR Codes: 05 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES > 0501 Ecological Applications > 050102 Ecosystem Function @ 30%
05 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES > 0501 Ecological Applications > 050104 Landscape Ecology @ 35%
06 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES > 0602 Ecology > 060203 Ecological Physiology @ 35%
SEO Codes: 96 ENVIRONMENT > 9603 Climate and Climate Change > 960301 Climate Change Adaptation Measures @ 30%
96 ENVIRONMENT > 9614 Soils > 961403 Forest and Woodlands Soils @ 35%
96 ENVIRONMENT > 9608 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity > 960899 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity of Environments not elsewhere classified @ 35%
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