Luque, F.J., Ortega, L., Barrenechea, J.F., Millward, D., Beyssac, O., and Huizenga, J-M. (2009) Deposition of highly crystalline graphite from moderate-temperature fluids. Geology, 37 (3). pp. 275-278.

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Abstract

Recognized large occurrences of fluid-deposited graphite displaying high crystallinity were previously restricted to high-temperature environments (mainly granulite facies terranes). However, in the extensively mined Borrowdale deposit (UK), the mineralogical assemblage, notably the graphite-epidote intergrowths, shows that fully ordered graphite precipitated during the propylitic hydrothermal alteration of the volcanic host rocks. Fluids responsible for graphite deposition had an average X CO2/(XCO2 + X CH4) ratio of 0.69, thus indicating temperatures of ~500 °C at the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffered conditions. Therefore, this is the first reported evidence indicating that huge concentrations of highly crystalline graphite can precipitate from moderate-temperature fluids.

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