Jafari, Seid, He, Yinghe, and Bhandari, Bhesh (2007) Encapsulation of nanoparticles of d-limonene by spray drying: role of emulsifiers and emulsifying techniques. Drying Technology, 25 (6). pp. 1079-1089.

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Abstract

Submicron emulsion particles of d-limonene prepared by a microfluidizer and ultrasound were spray dried to produce nanoparticle encapsulated powders. Maltodextrin combined with a surface-active biopolymer (modified starch or whey protein concentrate) or a small molecule surfactant (Tween 20) was used as the wall material. Results showed that microfluidization was an efficient emulsification technique resulting in a powder with the highest retention (86.2%) of d-limonene, mainly due to its capability to produce emulsions with fairly small droplets (d43 of 700-800 nm) and narrow distributions, which had a good stability during the process. Among different emulsifiers used, although Tween 20 significantly reduced the emulsion size (d43 < 200 nm), the resulted powder had the poorest encapsulation efficiency.

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