Gelin, M.F., and Kosov, D.S. (2008) Directed motion and useful work from an isotropic nonequilibrium distribution. Physical Review E (Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics), 77 (1). 011115. pp. 1-5.

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Abstract

We demonstrate that a gas of classical particles trapped in an external asymmetric potential undergoes a quasiperiodic motion, if the temperature of its initial velocity distribution T(NE) differs from the equilibrium temperature T(eq). The magnitude of the effect is determined by the value of T(NE)−T(eq), and the direction of the motion is determined by the sign of this expression. The "loading" and "unloading" of the gas particles change directions of their motion, thereby creating a possibility of shuttle-like motion. The system works as a Carnot engine where the heat flow between kinetic and potential parts of the nonequilibrium distribution produces the useful work.

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