Comparison of predicted and actual consequences of missense mutations

Miosge, Lisa A., Field, Matthew A. , Sontani, Yovina, Cho, Vicky, Johnson, Simon, Palkova, Anna, Balakishnan, Bhavani, Liang, Rong, Zhang, Yafei, Lyon, Stephen, Beutler, Bruce, Whittle, Belinda, Bertram, Edward M., Enders, Anselm, Goodnow, Christopher C., and Andrews, T. Daniel (2015) Comparison of predicted and actual consequences of missense mutations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112 (37). E5189-E5198.

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Abstract

Each person's genome sequence has thousands of missense variants. Practical interpretation of their functional significance must rely on computational inferences in the absence of exhaustive experimental measurements. Here we analyzed the efficacy of these inferences in 33 de novo missense mutations revealed by sequencing in first-generation progeny of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea–treated mice, involving 23 essential immune system genes. PolyPhen2, SIFT, MutationAssessor, Panther, CADD, and Condel were used to predict each mutation's functional importance, whereas the actual effect was measured by breeding and testing homozygotes for the expected in vivo loss-of-function phenotype. Only 20% of mutations predicted to be deleterious by PolyPhen2 (and 15% by CADD) showed a discernible phenotype in individual homozygotes. Half of all possible missense mutations in the same 23 immune genes were predicted to be deleterious, and most of these appear to become subject to purifying selection because few persist between separate mouse substrains, rodents, or primates. Because defects in immune genes could be phenotypically masked in vivo by compensation and environment, we compared inferences by the same tools with the in vitro phenotype of all 2,314 possible missense variants in TP53; 42% of mutations predicted by PolyPhen2 to be deleterious (and 45% by CADD) had little measurable consequence for TP53-promoted transcription. We conclude that for de novo or low-frequency missense mutations found by genome sequencing, half those inferred as deleterious correspond to nearly neutral mutations that have little impact on the clinical phenotype of individual cases but will nevertheless become subject to purifying selection.

Item ID: 43584
Item Type: Article (Research - C1)
ISSN: 1091-6490
Keywords: cancer; de novo mutation; evolution; immunodeficiency; nearly neutral
Funders: National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC)., Wellcome Trust (WT), National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy Australia
Projects and Grants: NIH AI100627, NHMRC 585490, WT 082030/B/07/Z
Date Deposited: 30 May 2016 03:13
FoR Codes: 06 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES > 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology > 060102 Bioinformatics @ 25%
06 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES > 0604 Genetics > 060408 Genomics @ 50%
08 INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES > 0803 Computer Software > 080301 Bioinformatics Software @ 25%
SEO Codes: 97 EXPANDING KNOWLEDGE > 970111 Expanding Knowledge in the Medical and Health Sciences @ 100%
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